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Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi have been awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance. Their work identified regulatory T cells, crucial for regulating the immune system and preventing autoimmune diseases. This groundbreaking research reshaped immunology, opening new avenues for treating autoimmune conditions and advancing cancer therapies.

Your immune system is your body’s army. It fights off viruses, bacteria, and infections every day. Its elite soldiers are called T cells. Some T cells attack invaders directly, while others coordinate the fight like generals. But sometimes, the army makes a terrible mistake — it attacks its own country.